Ethical, Legal and Professional Duties of Nurses

Moral, Legal and Professional Duties of Nurses Presentation: Medical caretakers are dependent upon countless moral, lawful and proficient obligations which are such a large number of to be talked about in this paper so that is the reason just principle significant moral and lawful obligations will be examined in this article. As indicated by the situation, these principle moral and legitimate obligations will be regard of patients self-sufficiency and the obligation of care which is given to all the patients. These obligations are proficient and legitimate in New Zealand and even everywhere throughout the world which when penetrated can prompt lawful ramifications. These obligations are moral obligations also on the grounds that moral contemplations emerge when these obligations are penetrated, contemplations, for example, when can these obligations be examined, so there for these obligations are moral obligations too. In this paper, the entire basic conversation will be about the expert, moral and lawful issues that emerge as per the given si tuation. As indicated by nursing gathering of New Zealand, nursing calling is limited by its own code of morals. Morals is characterized as the part of theory that tends to inquiries concerning profound quality, that is, ideas, for example, great and insidious, good and bad, equity, ethicalness, and so forth. In this basic conversation, Autonomy will be the principle angle, independence of patient and judgment of wellbeing proficient in improvement of the patient. The abilities and codes identified with the above situation as per nurture viewpoint are that the attendants should act morally keeping up the norms of training and medical attendants should regard the privileges of the customers. These codes utilized in this situation really imply that a medical attendant ought to recognize and permits the distinction of an individual, should act in a socially protected way, should utilize information and aptitudes to serve the patients, nurture is answerable for keep up gauges in her expert practi ce and should rehearse in her own extent of training. An enlisted nurture is really characterized as the individual who uses nursing information and basic nursing judgment to survey wellbeing needs of a patient with the goal that the best social insurance can be given and encourages individuals to self deal with their wellbeing. In this situation, the patient expresses the agony score as 8/10 following three hours of having morphine and the specialist thinks the patient has gotten reliant on morphine. Being a medical attendant one ought to approach the patent to sit tight for one more hour with the goal that he can have another portion of morphine and afterward attendant ought to evaluate if the patient is really reliant on morphine or he is quite torment. As a medical attendant, she needs to have boldness, genuineness and ought to keep up the promotion job. In this situation, it is basic to conclude that if the patient has gotten subject to morphine or is it the specialist who thinks the patient has gotten reliant, being an enlisted nu rture; one ought to keep up the self-rule of the patient keeping the norms of social insurance gave to the patient. Self-governance alludes to the human limit with regards to self-assurance and freedom (Journal of clinical oncology:2001). Independence has two angles, one from the medical attendants see and another from patients point of view, so n this paper we will talk about self-rule issues from viewpoints of medical attendant and the patient. For this situation Mr. S is making steady demands for having 40mgs of morphine which is recommended to him each 4hours PRN. He additionally expresses that the morphine isn't really assuaging his torment and following three hours of having morphine he requests another portion. Specialists believe that the patient has gotten reliant on morphine so the specialists endorse him for a fake treatment of ordinary saline. There is a contextual investigation which is worried about issues in self-governance of patients which is for the most part centered around medical caretakers view of patients independence and classification of recapturing self-rule in patients. The self-sufficiency of patients is normally influenced by conditions, for example, family, social insurance supplier, network and so on. It is accepted that the self-governance issue must be settled by a collaboration, which can incorporate procedures of wellbeing instruction, self administration and so forth (Proot et al: 2002). The central matter of worry in this situation is that the patient is given a fake treatment rather than the morphine, with the goal that the patient would not request morphine over and over. The support for giving fake treatments is that in the judgment of the supplier, the demonstration is gainful to the patient (Rumbold. G, 1999). This point has both positive and negative effects on the patient and on the wellbeing professionals and the medical caretakers. This is likewise as indicated by Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 that the patient ought to be safe.The Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 gives a system to the guideline of wellbeing professionals so as to secure the open where there is a danger of mischief from the act of the calling (Ministry of wellbeing: 2010). The positive point is that if the patient has gotten subject to the morphine, which isn't acceptable as indicated by the patients wellbeing, which is the reason recommending a fake tr eatment would be a superior option for patients wellbeing. This is the valid statement of this situation as indicated by the attendants point of view as the medical caretaker would consistently work for the better soundness of the patient which can just become positive outcomes for them rather than them being subject to any prescription. There is another positive point as per the attendant viewpoint which could be a primary worry that the patient is requesting morphine more than once to cause him to feel fulfilled and alleviated from torment, yet as indicated by the medical caretakers evaluation, the patient feels fulfilled and mitigated intellectually however that isn't correct, really the patient has become intellectually stuck that morphine s the main drug which can mend his agony. Along these lines, giving him fake treatment is a superior alternative. There are some negative focuses also. As indicated by the New Zealand enactment, this activity of medical attendants comes against The Human Rights Act 1993, which expresses that each individual has a privilege to know reality. In this situation, the patient is obscure of the way that he has been controlled for a saline rather than morphine. As indicated by a medical attendant, the greatest moral, legitimate and the expert issue here is self-rule of the patient. Self-governance is an amazing part of moral system of practically everywhere throughout the world. Self-sufficiency is an idea found in good, political, and bioethical theory (Autonomy: 2010, July). In these specific situations, it alludes to the limit of a patient to settle on an educated choice. In good and political way of thinking, self-rule is frequently utilized as the reason for deciding good duty regarding ones activities (Autonomy: 2010, July). Self-rule intends to regard privileges of others to decide a strategy. So in this situation, as indicated by the privilege of self-sufficiency dependent on norms of morals, attendants should regard the patients choice and should regard of what they need. Wellbeing experts reserve no privilege to deny patients choice. Attendants should regard patients choices and their independence to build up a reliable and expert relationship. As per this situation, the patients self-sufficiency ought to be regarded as the patient expresses the agony score of 8/10 following three hours of having morphine. Mr. S has a privilege to choose if the morphine is calming his agony or not and the wellbeing experts are intended to regard his choice as patient is the individual who is experiencing an extremely serious torment. Medical caretakers ought to give appropriate training to the patient and ought to illuminate about the results of having morphine over and over with the goal that the patient can picked the most ideal mediation for him. The patient additionally has the privilege to have the educated assent about any prescription which is recommended to him. On the off chance that he is given an obscure drug without his assent, it comes against lawful issues and can cause lawful ramifications. In Mr. S case, if fake treatment of saline rather than morphine is managed to the patient without his assent, at that point he has the privilege of activity to state that the drug was given to him without the assent and it can make lawful ramifications. In this way, before recommending or overseeing any prescription to the patient, specialists or medical attendants ought to have full assent of the patient. Accordingly educated assent is a moral, legitimate and an expert obligation of attendants and even every wellbeing proficient. Assent is exceptionally viable in standing moral and legitimate obligations. Now and then, as indicated by an attendant, it tends to be successful for a patient not being educated about the drug, to get positive results for patients wellbeing. It is viable as indicated by the medical attendant, yet it is really empowering patients choice and his condition. Now and again in the event that a patient can't communicate what he needs, at exactly that point a medical caretaker can choose what is best for the patient yet an individual like Mr. S, who can express his condition must be educated regarding the fake treatment of saline. The medical attendant has an obligation to keep the patient from anything more terrible happening to the patient however on the off chance that the patient isn't intellectually sick, he/she ought to have full option to take any choice for them. On the off chance that the patient says that morphine isn't easing his torment it implies that it isn't generally working for him. It isn't acceptable to state that the patient has gotten subject to morphine. For instance, if nurture direct Mr. S a fake treatment of saline rather than morphine, his agony can go most noticeably awful which isn't useful for the patient and it isn't the best act of an attendant. The New Zealand enactment says that an individual has a privilege to be educated and an option to have opportunity. It is under Human Right Act of 1993 which when applied guarantees that an individual has a privilege to choose what they need with no impedance of some other individual. In this demonstration there is a state of having educated clinical treatment and an individual has right to picked in the event that they need the treatment or not. Moral issues and changes in the public eye are liable for nurture customer relationship. The job of the medical caretaker is to keep up customers self-governance, maint

Bioinformatics research Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Bioinformatics examine - Dissertation Example Bioinformatics manages information the board in genomics and proteomics of all living things. It is currently acknowledged as a different control in the standard science. Bioinformatics encourages scientists worldwide to get to different databases for investigate and to trade data for correlation, expectation, stockpiling and examination. As on date, there are various databases explicit to human, creatures, plants and microorganisms. Bioinformatics quickened the procedure of novel medication disclosure and improvement definitely. In this current examination bioinformatics apparatuses and databases are utilized to discover novel qualities and administrative components in locales in the nucleotide arrangements with importance towards glucose digestion. The model produced from the tentatively confirmed information for translation factors aid the expectation of a particular interpretation factors. Aspergillus nidulans is a quickly developing, genuine filamentous organisms that has a plac e with the Ascomycetes family. It regularly develops on a characterized medium containing yeast concentrate and glucose filling in as essential nitrogen and carbon sources separately. The ideal development temperature for the development A.nidulans is 370C with acceptable air circulation. It pairs at each 1.5hr. A. nidulans is a homothallic, muticellular, haploid, spore previous. It is fit for shaping both sexual and agamic spores. The circular conidiophore bears the uninucleate agamic spores called the conidia, which show up unpleasant and go between 3-4 Â µm, these conidiophores are short and seem earthy colored in shading.

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Visual, Cellular, Molecular, and Functional Changes in Smokers Lungs By Lynne Eldridge, MD  Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time. Learn about our editorial policy Lynne Eldridge, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Doru Paul, MD on December 01, 2016 Doru Paul, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine, medical oncology, and hematology. Learn about our Medical Review Board Doru Paul, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Many people remember hearing about the difference between smokers lungs and normal healthy lungs at some point in time. These changes occur on a visual level, on a cellular level (under the microscope), and even on a molecular level. In addition to these structural changes, there are several functional differences between healthy lungs and smokers lungs as well, ranging from lung capacity to oxygen exchange. You may even recall the posters depicting the black, ugly-looking lungs of people who smoke. Does that really happen? What does cigarette smoke really do to the lungs? Differences Between Smokers Lungs and Normal Healthy Lungs To really comprehend the effect of tobacco smoke on the lungs we need to take a look at both the anatomyâ€"how the appearance of the lungs changes, and the physiologyâ€"how the function of a smokers lungs differ from those of healthy lungs.?? Yet we want to dig even deeper than that. What do a smokers lungs look like beginning with the changes you can see with your naked eye, down to the genetic changes too small to even be seen under a microscope, but often more ominous? The posters we spoke of earlier didnt lie. Lets start with what you may see if you could look at whole lungs exposed to tobacco. What Do Smokers Lung Look Like? The photo above is honestly what the lungs of a life-long smoker look like on a visual inspection with the naked eye. Its important to state that not all black lungs are related to tobacco smoke. Other irritants that can be inhaled may cause this appearance as well, such as the black lung disease sometimes seen in coal miners. Yet, its very easy to tell when looking at a set of lungs whether or not a person smoked during his life. Many people wonder what the black or brown color comes from. When you inhale cigarette smoke, there are thousands of tiny carbon-based particles that are inhaled. Our bodies have a special way of dealing with these particles to get them out of the way  if you will. As soon as you inhale a puff of cigarette smoke, your body is alerted to the fact that toxic particles have invaded. Inflammatory cells rush to the scene. One type of white blood cell called  macrophages  may be thought of as the garbage trucks of our immune systems. Macrophages essentially eat the nasty brown-black particles in cigarette smoke in a process called phagocytosis. Since these particles could be damaging even to garbage truck cells, they are walled off in tiny vesicles and stored as toxic waste. And there they sit. As more and more macrophages containing debris build up in the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest, the darker the lungs appear. You may be wondering if the brown and black color ever goes away. After all, macrophages dont live forever. When a macrophage dies, and the vesicles of cigarette waste are released, younger macrophages rush to the scene and ingest the particles. This process can occur over and over during a persons life. This is not to say that healing doesnt take place when someone quits smoking. It does. But the discoloration in the lungs may remain indefinitely. Smokers Lungs at a Cellular Level Taking a step down in size and looking at the lungs more closely, an increasing number of tobacco-related injuries are found. Under a microscope, the cells and surrounding tissues become visible as a well-appointed city, but a city ravaged by the toxic cloud of smoke that has descended upon it. Different structures in the respiratory tract are affected in different ways.?? Cilia:  The  cilia are tiny hair-like appendages that line the bronchi, and the smaller  bronchioles. The job of the cilia is to catch foreign material that finds its way into the airways and propel it up and out of the lungs to the throat in a wave-like manner. From the throat, this material can then be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids. Unfortunately, toxins in cigarette smoke such as acrolein and  formaldehyde paralyze these tiny cilia so they cannot perform their function. This result is that other toxins (over 70 of them  carcinogens) and infectious organisms end up being left within the lungs where they can do damage both at the cellular level  and at the molecular level, changes that can, in turn, lead to cancer and other diseases. Mucus:  Inflammatory cells that are drawn to the scene in the airways secrete mucus in response to the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. This mucus can limit the amount of oxygen-rich air that reaches the smallest airways where gas exchange takes place. Mucus can also provide a nourishing breeding ground for the growth of harmful bacteria. The Airways:  Under the microscope, the airways can appear stretched outâ€"like the elastic in an old pair of shorts. This decrease in elasticity caused by components of tobacco smoke has important functional repercussions as well (discussed later on). The Alveoli:  The  alveoli  are the smallest of airways and the final lung-based destination of oxygen that we breathe in. These alveoli contain elastin and collagen which allows them to expand with inspiration and deflate with expiration. Altogether, the surface area of your alveoli is around 70 square meters, and if you laid them flat and placed them end to end they would cover a tennis court. Toxins in cigarette smoke damage these tiny structures in a few ways. It is easy for toxins to damage the thin walls causing them to rupture. Cigarette smoke also damages the alveoli that remain intact, decreasing their ability to expand and contract. Damage to the alveoli is a self-perpetuating problem. As more alveoli become damaged, there is more air trapping in the alveoli (air cannot be breathed out) which results in the dilation and rupture of more alveoli. In general, a large percent of the alveoli must be damaged before symptomsâ€"hypoxia due to less oxygen being present for exchange to take placeâ€"occurs. Problems with oxygen exchange between the alveoli and capillaries are discussed further under function. The Capillaries:  At the cellular level, its not just lung tissue that is damaged. The tiniest of blood vessels, the  capillaries, that are closely associated with the smallest airways are also damaged by tobacco smoke. Just as smoking can cause the damage to larger blood vessels (that can eventually lead to heart attacks), it can cause scarring and thickening of the capillary walls in the lungsâ€"walls that oxygen needs to pass through in order to combine with the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be carried from the lungs to the rest of the body. Smokers Lungs at a Molecular Level:  Genetics and Epigenetics To really understand how smoking causes some lung diseases such as lung cancer, we need to look deeper inside the cells to the molecular level. This is a level that we cant see directly through a microscope.?? In the nucleus of each of our lung cells lives our DNAâ€"the blueprint of the cell. This  DNA  contains the instructions for making every protein that is needed for the cell to grow, function, repair itself, and tell the cell it is time to die when it becomes old or damaged. You may have heard that a series of mutations in a cell is responsible for the link between  lung cancer and smoking, but many mutations usually take place prior to a cell becoming cancerous. In fact, there are usually thousands of mutations in a single lung cell exposed to tobacco. Some genes in lung cells code for proteins that are responsible for the growth and division of the cell. One type of genes called oncogenes, cause cells to grow and divide (even when they shouldnt). Other genes, called  tumor suppressor genes, code for proteins which repair damaged DNA or eliminate damaged cells which cannot be repaired.?? Several components in cigarette smoke have been found to cause mutations (they are carcinogenic) but studies have even shown ways in which tobacco specifically causes the damage which may  lead to cancer. For example, some tobacco carcinogens cause mutations in the  p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that codes for proteins that repair damaged cells or eliminate them so that a  cancer cell  isnt born. Epigenetics Finally, in addition to genetic changes caused by smoking, tobacco can cause epigenetic changes in lung cells as well. Epigenetic changes refer not to actual changes in the DNA of a cell, but the way that genes are expressed. According to a 2017 study, DNA methylation (epigenetic changes) that can be detected in the blood of people who smoke are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Unlike genetic changes in cells, epigenetic changes are more likely to be reversible with a healthy lifestyle. Function of Smokers Lungs vs Healthy Lungs (Physiology) Just as there are many changes that occur structurally in the lungs of someone who smokes, there are several changes that take place on a functional level as well. Pulmonary function tests  comparing people who smoke with those who do not smoke often show changes very early on, even in teens who smoke, and long before any symptoms occur. Some people who smoke feel reassured that if they are breathing without problems, they dont have a problem. Yet a large percent of lung tissue is usually destroyed before any symptoms occur. To understand this better, consider that people who have a whole lung removed (a pneumonectomy), and are otherwise healthy, can adapt so that they can carry on a reasonably normal lifestyle. Some have even climbed mountains. Lung Capacity in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Smoking can affect measurements of lung function in a number of ways. Total Lung Capacity The  total lung capacity, or the total amount of air you can breathe in taking the deepest breath possible is decreased by smoking in several ways. Smoking can result in damage to muscles in the chest reducing the expansion necessary to take a deep breath. The elasticity of the smooth muscle in the airways is likewise affected, and combined with the  loss of elasticity, can limit the amount of air breathed in as well. And at a microscopic level, when fewer alveoli are present (due to destruction by cigarette smoke), or air cant reach the alveoli (due to cigarette-related damage to the airways and build up of mucus), the intake of breath is also affected. These forces all work together to decrease lung capacity. Forced Expiratory Volume In addition to lung capacity, smoking results in difficulty in exhaling the carbon dioxide that is transferred from the capillaries in the lungs to the alveoli. As noted above, decreased elasticity of the larger airways and decreased recoil of the alveoli leads to air trapping. This results in a decrease in  forced expiratory volume. Smoking Cessation Helps Thankfully, researchers have noted that one of the  benefits of quitting smoking that occurs after only 2 weeks  is an increase in both lung capacity and expiratory volume. Oxygen Exchange in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Its not just the ability of oxygen to enter and pass down to the alveoli, or even the number of healthy alveoli present. Oxygen that reaches that alveoli must pass through the single cell lining of the alveoli and then through the double cell layer of the capillaries to reach the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be delivered to the rest of the body. Diffusing Capacity As noted above, cigarette smoke can affect both the alveoli and the lining of the capillaries making the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the two more difficult. Not only is there less surface area available for gas exchange, but the exchange is compromised. Its harder for oxygen to pass through the scarred walls of the alveoli and capillaries. The  diffusing capacity  is a pulmonary function test which measures this ability of a gas to make this transition from the alveoli into the bloodstream. Weve known for several decades that cigarette smoking can reduce diffusing capacity. Other Physiological Changes in the Lungs of a Smoker There are many more changes that occur in the lungs of someone who smokes, and the ones mentioned here only touch the surface. We mentioned how cigarette smoke can affect the capillaries, but also affects every blood vessel in the body. Damage to the larger blood vessels can lead to changes in blood flow that compromise the delivery of blood to the capillaries in the lungs in the first place. And its not just the arteries. Cigarette smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of blood clots in the legs (deep venous thrombosis). These blood clots can in turn break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary emboli) causing further damage, resulting in less healthy lung tissue (if a person survives). While some of these changes are not reversible, it is never too late to quit smoking both to minimize the damage and to allow your body to repair the damage that can be restored and healed. The Bottom Line: Lungs of a Smokers vs. Non-Smoker   Looking at all of the structural and functional changes in the lungs of someone who smokes stresses the importance of smoking cessation, though its not just the lungs that are of concern. There are a multitude of  diseases caused by smoking, with tobacco playing a role in nearly every body system. It is also not just lung cancer  that is of concern. Take a look at this list of  cancers caused by smoking  if you still feel any reluctance to stop today. If you still need a few facts?? to encourage you to quit: Overall, 1 in 5 deaths are due to smoking30 percent of cancers are due to smokingSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of lung cancers, the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and womenSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of COPD deaths, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States But the news isnt all bad: Heart disease risk drops drastically within a year of quittingStroke risk drops significantly two to five years after quittingThe risk of many cancers declines significantly by five years post-quitting Quitting Smoking:  Help Is Available! Thankfully, quitting smoking at any time can stop further damage from being done to your lungs and can reduce your risk of developing the diseases and cancers linked to the habit. We know its not easy.Yet its possible. Start today with quit smoking lesson 101 - reasons to quit  in order to make this attempt your final and successful attempt to kick the habit. A Word From Verywell It can be somewhat overwhelming to look at the vast number of ways that smoking affects both the structure and function of the lungs, but the important point is that smoking does not affect the lungs in just one way. Even if we had a way to bypass the damage caused, say, to alveoli, smoking would still be a problem. In other words, theres no healthy alternative to quitting. Despite this vast amount of damage, our bodies are amazingly resilient, and repair begins only seconds after the last puff.

To Kill a Mockingbird and Speak - 553 Words

William Shakespeare once said, For courage mounteth with occasion. William Shakespeare is portraying that courage comes when it is needed most. Shakespeare also displays that courage makes up for the strength that is absent in arduous situations. I agree with Shakespeares message he is conveying in entirety. In the novels, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson, the courageous acts are like one lone star lighting up the entire night sky. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, courage can be found in every chapter and on almost every page of this book. Virtually every character in this book posses courageous qualities. In this novel, the Finches are just a few of the people who endure harsh blows over about a three year period. However, each and every one of them step up to the plate with courage ready to strike. Atticus especially shows courage when he agrees to defend Tom Robinson. Atticus did not have to take this case, and everything tha t accompanies it. However, Atticus wanted to prove that being prejudice and racist is undoubtfully wrong. To try and convey this message was a difficult take to preform, but Atticus wanted the people of Maycomb to understand why he felt this way. Another charater who clearly shows courage is Boo Radley. Boo Radley was the person who killed Bob Ewell. Boo Radley did this because Bob Ewell was trying to kill Jem and Scout. Boo Radley, beyond a shadow of doubt, walked into that situationShow MoreRelatedInequality In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality and race inequality are similar and different in that they are both unjust, however race inequality plays a more prominent unjust theme in the time and setting of To Kill a Mockingbird. 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They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded with

Analysis Christina Aguileras Beautiful Essay - 1367 Words

Artists use music video’s to visually show the meaning behind of the song and how they want it to be portrayed. Some music video’s use socio-cultural codes to construct the visual narrative and structure of their work. For example the music video of Christina Aguilera’s song ‘Beautiful’, ‘packed with a message of holding one’s self up against criticism from the outside.’ ¹, shows the insecurities people have with what society portrays to be beautiful. Such as showing characters throughout the video struggling with body image, sexual preference and bullying. The characters develop throughout the video, showing that they accept themselves for who they are and understand the meaning of inner beauty. Music videos are created for multiple†¦show more content†¦At the end of the music video it shows the young girl breaking the mirror as she punches it through, as if saying that she doesn’t want to be anorexic anymore. It also shows the young boy looking in his bathroom mirror, showing that his body shape had changed slightly. A smile then came across his face, being happy with what he sees. These sequences show how the characters struggled with their body image and how they saw themselves and what they believe they should look like to fit in with society and their peers, but also how they came to accept themselves for who they are. The video continues to show other sequences of other characters, showing examples of socio-cultural codes such as problems with self-esteem and what society portrays to be beautiful, as well as bullying. The music video shows a young African- American girl ripping out pages of a magazine showing only white models. The magazine images may also be showing how you should look to be categorised as beautiful, ‘Society’s expectations colour our beliefs about the ideal body image and sometimes this creates problems or causes harm ². She is shown to be throwing the ripped pages into the fire, not wanting to see what society believes to be beautiful. Another scene shows a young girl being physically bullied by her peers and shows her being pushed down to the ground. The scene then goes to show her sitting at a glass table with her reflection, showing the cuts and bruises on herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Lyrics: Beautiful by Christina Aguilera1905 Words   |  8 PagesDouble S tandards: Dont Look at Me Dont look at me is the first line of Christina Aguileras song Beautiful. This instant whisper from the voice of Aguilera creates an ashamed vibe for the song. It is spoken quietly and without any musical instrumentation. As the music softly and brilliantly builds up to the first verse listeners already have a misinterpretation of the lyrics. The audience presumes that the song will be about depression or shame and disgrace because one would associate not wantingRead MoreWhy Should the Music Video ‘Like a Boy’ Offer Such Contradictory Gender Representations?2545 Words   |  11 Pagesall around the world. In fact these views in popular culture have not only been emphasized by men, but by strong female characters as well. Most notably, teenage sweethearts such as Britney Spears, when she performed ‘I’m a slave for you’ and Christina Aguilera’s Dirty both shone light on the views women hold of themselves as sexual objects and to a large extent su ccumb to the views that men hold of women. We can see the shift of women views, which they believe the ‘body and also the subject come toRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesConnections to a wider spectrum of professionals ( greater insight into issue at hand †¢ E.g. 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections (bloggers provide personal opinions about who was likely to win but New York Times invited experts to do a state-by-state analysis presenting results in a full-page spread, culminating in a detailed map showing states Democrats were likely to win) †¢ Anonymity: given free rein to publish any thought that comes to mind †¢ E.g. For every worthwhile video present on the site

Physics Friction Lab Free Essays

Friction Page 1 Lab: Friction William Morris Leo Hayes High School Friction Page 2 Purpose: To investigate the coefficient of friction for a given surface and the effects that factors such as weight, surface area and changes to the surface have on the coefficient of friction. Hypothesis: The smaller the amount of normal force (weight), the less friction created and the least surface area and the greaser the surface the less friction is created. With the increase in normal force corresponding with the increase in friction should balance out â€Å"mu†. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Friction Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Materials: Spring scale, string, 4 textbooks, Pledge Procedure: 1. Using a spring scale and some string we hooked through the pages of the text book to find the weight to find the weight of each text book we used and then recorded it. 2. We pulled the first text book across the table then estimated the amount of force we needed to apply to the scale attached to the text book to move it at a constant speed and then recorded our guess. 3. Using the string and spring scale we pulled the text book across the table at a constant speed keeping the string parallel to the surface of the table and then recorded the data. . From this measured force below, we determined the frictional force that had acted upon the book as we pulled it across the table. 5. Then we pulled the book across the table once more at a different constant speed to ensure accurate friction readings. 6. From the weights of the text book we found earlier we determined the normal force acting on the text book as we pulled it across the table and then recorded it below. 7. We a dded the second text book, (B), to the first one and pulled them across the table again recording their force of friction. 8. We then repeated this procedure twice more adding a text book each time as recorded below. 9. We then pulled text book, A, on its spine across the table at a constant speed recording the force from the scale. 10. We pledged the table and rubbed it thoroughly with a cloth and then repeated only step 3 on this pledged surface and recorded the force required. Friction Page 3 Questions: 1. Compare the books weight with the force required to pull it horizontally at a constant speed. Which one is larger? In all cases the normal force is larger than the force of friction. 2. It always takes more force to start an object than to keep it moving at a constant speed. Why? Friction is caused by tiny scratches in the smoothness of a surface. The rougher a surface is, the rougher it feels. And the rougher a pair of surfaces are, the harder it is for them to slide past each other. The tiny rough edges grab hold of each other and lock the surfaces into place, so that it takes a great deal of force to make them move. That’s the static friction you’re trying to overcome. Once you get the surfaces moving the rough edges are already dislodged and as long as you don’t stop, they won’t have a chance to lock again. Therefore, it’s easier to keep something moving once you’ve started than it would be to stop and start again. 3. Does it take more force to move an object at a higher constant speed than a slower constant speed? In our lab the force seemed to stay the same. This could have something to do with our sources of error. The lab did not reveal this. 4. The force of friction was found in part 3. Would it be more or less if you pulled the text book across: (a) Ice(b) Sand(c) Rough Concrete(d) Waxed Floor How is the force of friction affected by changing the surface from smooth to rough? a) Less friction (b) More friction (c) More friction (d) More friction A rough surface has more grooves to grab than a smooth surface therefore creating more friction. Friction Page 4 5. Does the force of friction depend on the speed of motion? In our lab it was impossible to figure this out due to our sources of error. 6. Write an equation showing the relationship between the force of friction and the normal force. Use this equation to calculate the coefficient of friction for each set of readings. 7. What are the units for â€Å"mu† , the coefficient of friction? There is no unit measurement for the coefficient of friction. 8. Plot a full page graph of the force of friction verse the normal force. See graph on following page for the force of friction verse the normal force. 9. Based on your graph what is the relationship between the coefficient of friction verse the normal force. The relationship between the coefficient of friction verse the normal force is such that the coefficient is the same because the increase in normal force corresponds with the then increase in friction creating the same â€Å"mu†. 10. How do the coefficients of friction compare for each of your five trials in the data table? Is this how they should be? With a smoother surface the friction is lowered therefore lowering â€Å"mu†. This is how it should be. Friction Page 5 Data/Results: Books| Normal Force| Friction|  µ| A| 10. 5 N| 2. 5 N| 0. 24| A + B| 20. 5 N| 5. 0 N| 0. 24| A + B + C| 31. 5 N| 7. 5 N| 0. 24| A + B + C + D| 42. 5 N| 10. 0 N| 0. 24| Book A on spine| 10. 5 N| 2. 0 N| 0. 20| Books A on Pledged Surface| 10. 5 N| 2. 0 N| 0. 20| Books| Normal Force (weight)| A| 10. 5 N| B| 10. 0 N| C| 11. 0 N| D| 11. 0 N| Discussion: There are several sources of error in this lab. One being the scales not being accurate and there is no way to fix this except to purchase new scales each time. Another could be the angle we are pulling the book from. There is no way for us to be exactly sure if this force is exactly parallel with the table. When finding our normal force we do not take into consideration the weight of the string and this cannot be fixed as our scales are not this precise. It is unknown if our hand was completely steady while finding our normal force. This could result in our normal force being inaccurate. There is no way to fix this as we are not robots. The same is true for finding the force of friction as we are not sure we are pulling the book(s) at the same constant speed. Conclusion: After the lab I found my hypothesis to be true in that the smaller the amount of normal force (weight), the less friction created and the least surface area and the greaser the surface the less friction was created. With the increase in normal force corresponding with the increase in friction it balanced out â€Å"mu†. How to cite Physics Friction Lab, Essay examples

Workplace Inequalities free essay sample

Every person has the right to be fairly treated in their daily lives and the workplace is no exception. Discrimination in the workforce has always been a well debated topic. Throughout history many different groups have faced inequalities in the workplace, and over time, with the changes in social views, different measures have been undertaken, by the different levels involved in employment, to eradicate these adversities. Unfortunately inequality during employment is still a major crisis for many people. This essay looks at three different groups facing difficulty in the workplace due too discrimination and the response by government, unions, employers and other groups to these inequalities. Pregnant women in the workforce have always been a delicate topic. With recent legislation changes and advances in ‘pregnancy in the workforce’ campaigns, the inequality faced by many women who fall pregnant while under employment has begun to change, however, many lobbyists believe that employers are still not doing enough to protect their employees rights during such a serious time in a women’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Inequalities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teenagers’ entering the workforce has also become a serious topic. During such a pivotal time in a young teenagers life, with school and social activities, young people can often face inequalities in their employment and without prior knowledge of the workforce, can often be unknowingly subjected to mistreatment. On the other end of the timeline, aged workers are often subject to unfair treatment and ridicule from their employers and co-workers. In an increasingly aging country, Australia has had to bring age discrimination to the forefront of workplace reform. Although discrimination and inequalities in the workplace are constantly being discouraged and sought out, most people will feel mistreated in the workplace at some point in their working lives. The Australian Government, unions and employers are constantly working towards better equality for employees in the workforce. Many different initiatives have been put in place to stamp out workplace discrimination and these groups will continue to work towards better rights for workers. Pregnancy is an incredibly important time for those involved. Women face a vast range of emotional stress when dealing with a pregnancy and many women have to continue working during much of their pregnancy to cope with the coming financial burden of raising a new born child. Around 80% of women in Australia are employed prior to the birth of their first child [1]. With the known risk of emotional stress on women’s pregnancy, limiting stress in the workplace is serious priority for employers. Unfortunately recent studies into the subject have found that â€Å"pregnancy-related workplace discrimination (in Australia) is disturbingly prevalent† [2]. A University of Melbourne study into the entitlements of workers during pregnancy and the psychological welfare of pregnant women in the workplace, found that, of the 165 employed pregnant women surveyed; ? Despite current legislation requiring all Australian employees to have access to unpaid maternity leave after 12 months of continuous employment, only 60% had the option. ?Only 46% had access to paid maternity leave, forcing others to rely on sick or annual leave or forego income after childbirth. Almost one in five women claimed pregnancy-related discrimination in the form of negative or offensive comments as well as being excluded from promotion or training by their employer [3]. Many groups are outraged at this unfair treatment for pregnant women during employment. Considering the severity of the occasion, a pregnant woman’s health and wellbeing should be of great concern to an employer. The government has sought to stem this trend of discrimination with current legislat ion protecting pregnant women from unfair treatment in the workforce. EOWA, the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, is a government agency aimed at achieving equal opportunity for women in the workforce through the administration of the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 [4]. Many lobbyists believe that all women should have access to paid maternity leave should they fall pregnant while under employment. While pregnant women continue to fight for better rights while in the workforce it is hoped that the government and employers will continue to act to stop these inequalities. Seventeen year old Mitchell Bartlett, like many teenagers, is about to start a part time job at Woolworths. Mitchell is unsure about the full extent of his work conditions, he is however, happy with his wage of $15 an hour and that he has paid training. But he said that even if he didn’t like his conditions there was probably not much he could do about it. â€Å"I probably wouldn’t have the confidence to confront my boss,† he said. â€Å"When you’re young you’re at the bottom of the food chain, so you’re much easier to exploit. It often happens. † [5]. This is a common feeling among teens entering the workforce. With no real insight into how employees operate or their rights, teens can be exploited into working more hours, with less pay and no penalty rates. With important school requirements teenagers are often made to work more hours than is recommended for school aged employees. This can have adverse affects on students school work at a very critical time in a teenager’s education. A survey by the Teachers Union found that students aged fifteen to eighteen are being forced to work more and more hours. The survey, of 300 students, found that 25% of students were on an Australian Workplace Agreement, while another 27% were on some form of employment contract but were unsure of exactly what it was. Although both government and employment groups claim that there are safe guards in place to protect student employees, teachers unions argue that not enough is being done to educate and protect young workers. The Teachers Federation has voted to improve the education of students on workplace information and they believe that the government and employers should follow their lead [6]. Discrimination towards older co-workers has become Australia’s most critical employment issue in the workplace [7]. Division between co-workers because of age differences has always been a problem with interoffice relations. However in resent years, and with Australia’s population ageing, discrimination towards senior employees has become more prevalent. The main issue of age discrimination in the workplace is the choice, by employers, to overlook older workers with the same, if not better, skills for younger employees. This inequality, although often not illegal, is an immoral decision to discriminate against older workers because of their age. In 2004, new legislation was introduced to help enforce remedies for age discrimination. The Age Discrimination Act (2004) covers aged workers in all areas of employment, job conditions, training, promotion and dismissal. The other issue of age discrimination is ridicule from fellow co-workers. Although any person can be subject to taunts from co-workers, the recent rise in complaints by age workers at the humiliation they have been subjected to by co-workers due to there age shows the extent that age discrimination has risen to. Fifty-seven year old Gerhardt had recently joined a company when two younger co-workers began harassing him. The two colleagues would place bets on Gerhardt’s age as well as ask each other loudly when they thought he would ‘cark it’. 8] This form of bullying is not uncommon in many workplaces and increasingly more aged workers are being subjected to it. The Australian Human Rights Commission is set up to help those who feel discriminated against. The AHRC helps to enforce the legislation protecting senior employees. The unions, however, still believe that one in three unemployed 45 year olds can’t get a job because employers feel they are too old, a nd that 60% of unemployed 55 year olds are apparently considered to old to work [9]. More needs to be done to help out our increasingly ageing populations while in the workforce; this is a prime example of inequality in the workplace and is a critical issue that needs to be addressed by government, unions, employers and workers. The key groups dealing with employment relations are constantly looking for improvement in the area of discrimination in the workplace. The inequalities that many groups and individuals face on a daily basis are appalling. Every person deserves the right to earn a living in a safe and friendly environment. Although the debate as to how much can, and is, being done to stop these inequalities continues, it is certain that every person can help do their part in the workplace. Whether from and employer or fellow co-workers, if a person feels discriminated against in the workforce than that person should have an available means of support and justice. Government groups, such as the Australian Human Rights Movement and the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, are helping those who have been discriminated against with education and action about employees rights in the workforce. New government legislation, like The Age Discrimination Act (2004), is increasing the lawful enforcement of discrimination against workers and helping to build equality in work environments. Through constant reevaluation and refinement, the government; along with employers and employees; can continue to make a difference in erasing workplace inequality and make employment a better place for everyone.

How to Improve Your English

How to Improve Your English Each learner has different objectives  and, therefore, different approaches to learning English. But some tips and tools are likely to help most English learners. Lets begin with the three most important rules:   Rule 1: Be PatientLearning English is a Process The most important rule to remember is that learning English  is a process. It takes time, and it takes lots of patience! If you are patient, you will improve your English.   Rule 2: Make a Plan The most important thing to do is to create a plan and follow that plan. Start with your English learning goals, and then make a specific plan to succeed. Patience is key to improving your English, so go slowly and focus on your goals. Youll speak English well soon if you keep to the plan. Rule 3: Make Learning English a Habit Its absolutely necessary that learning English becomes a habit. In other words, you should work on your English every day. Its not necessary to study grammar every day. However, you should listen, watch, read or speak English every day - even if its for a short period of time. Its much better to learn 20 minutes a day than to study for two hours twice a week. Tips for Learning and Improving Your English Have patience: Remember that learning a language is a gradual process- it does not happen overnight.Define your learning objectives early: What do you want to learn and why?Make learning a habit:  Try to learn something every day. It is much better to study (or read, or listen to English news, etc.) 10 minutes each day than to study for 2 hours once a week.Choose your materials well:  You will need reading, grammar, writing, speaking and listening materials.Vary your learning routine:  It is best to do different things each day to help keep the various relationships between each area active. In other words, dont just study grammar.Find friends: Finding friends to study and speak with in invaluable and learning English together can be very encouraging.Keep it interesting: Choose listening and reading materials that relate to what you are interested in. Being interested in the subject will make learning more enjoyable - thus more effective.Relate grammar to practical usage: Gramm ar by itself does not help you USE the language. You should practice what you are learning by employing it actively. Use reading to help with other English skills:  Reading can be used to help with vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and much more.  Flex your mouth muscles: Understanding something doesnt mean the muscles of your mouth can produce the sounds. Practice speaking what you are learning aloud. It may seem strange, but it is very effective. Exercises like  tongue twisters can help improve your flexibility.Communicate: Grammar exercises are great, but having your friend on the other side of the world understand your email is fantastic!Use the Internet:  The Internet is the most exciting, unlimited English resource that anyone could imagine and it is right at your fingertips.

Pros and Cons of Term Limits for Congress

Pros and Cons of Term Limits for Congress The idea of imposing  term limits  for Congress, or a mandatory restriction on how long members of the House and Senate can serve in office, has been debated by the public for centuries. There are pros and cons and strong opinions on both sides of the issue, perhaps a surprise, given the electorates less-than-flattering opinion of their representatives in modern history. Here are some questions and answers about term limits and the ongoing debate surrounding the idea, as well as a look at the pros and cons of term limits for Congress. Are There Term Limits for Congress Now? No. Members of the House of Representatives are elected for two years at a time and can serve an unlimited number of terms. Members of the Senate are elected for six years and also can serve an unlimited number of terms. Whats the Longest Anyone Has Served? The longest anyone ever served in the Senate was 51 years, 5 months and 26 days, a record held by the late Robert C. Byrd. The Democrat from West Virginia was in office from Jan. 3, 1959, through June 28, 2010. The longest anyone ever served in the House is 60 years, a record held by U.S. Rep. John Dingell Jr. The Democrat from Michigan was in office from 1955 to 2015. Are There Term Limits for the President? Presidents are restricted to only two four-year terms in the White House under the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, which reads in part: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice. Some conspiracy theorists claim that President Barack Obama was secretly plotting to repeal the 22nd Amendment and run for a third term in the white house. Have There Been Attempts to Impose Term Limits on Congress? There have been numerous attempts by some lawmakers to pass statutory term limits, but all of those proposals have been unsuccessful. Perhaps the most famous attempt at passing term limits came during the so-called Republican revolution  when the GOP took control of Congress in the 1994 midterm elections. Term limits were a tenet of the Republican Contract with America. The contract called for a removal of career politicians through a first-ever vote on term limits as part of the Citizen Legislature Act. Term limits never came to fruition. What about the Congressional Reform Act? The Congressional Reform Act does not exist. It is a fiction passed off in email chains as a legitimate piece of legislation that would limit members of Congress to 12 years of service - either two six-year Senate terms or six two-year House terms. What Are the Arguments in Favor of Term Limits? Proponents of term limits argue that restricting the service of lawmakers prevents politicians from amassing too much power in Washington and becoming too alienated from their constituents. The thinking is that many lawmakers view the work as a career and not a temporary assignment, and therefore spend much of their time posturing, raising money for their re-election campaigns and running for office instead of focusing on the important issues of the day. Those who favor term limits say they would remove the intense focus on politics and place it back on policy. What Are the Arguments Against Term Limits? The most common argument against term limits goes something like this: We already have term limits. Theyre called elections. The primary case against term limits is that, indeed, our elected officials in the House and Senate must face their constituents every two years or every six years and get their approval. Imposing term limits, opponents argue, would remove the power from voters in favor of an arbitrary law. For example, a popular lawmaker seen by her constituents as being effective and influential would want to re-elect her to Congress - but could be barred from doing so by a term-limit law.

Action Research Proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Action Research Proposal - Thesis Example Content analysis will be used for analysing data that is going to be obtained from the study. There is a lot of information on Instructional Rounds about how to do them, prepare them and the reasoning behind them. However, there is little information that gets directly back to the teacher. It is because of this, I find it necessary to conduct research in order to establish how instructional rounds directly influence instruction in the class room. In this study, I will specifically focus on the teachers since some of them are stuck in their old ways, refusing to try new approaches while others are willing to give a try to anything new. However, most teachers fall between the two categories and this is the reason why this study seeks to investigate the measures that can be taken to implement instructional rounds in order to improve instructional competencies in teaching students from different backgrounds. The study will also investigate how instructional rounds in teaching can enhance the teaching profession in different contexts. The study will mainly focus on Union Groove Middle School which has a current enrolment of 876 with a composition of 416 males and 460 females. The ethnicity composition of the students is as follows: White (325), Pacific Islander (10), Black (224), Asian (45), Indian (6) and Hispanic (200). The number of students with 504 plans stands at 82, and the number of at risk students is 224. The total number of students in special education is 85. The composition of the total population of the students is ideal for conducting a study about the effectiveness since it is comprised of six ethnic groups as mentioned above. Usually, teaching students from diverse ethnic backgrounds can be challenging since these people have different levels of understanding by virtue of their experiences. Elements such as language and cultural differences also contribute to the level of understanding of the students in as far as

How Eukaryote Cells Came into Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Eukaryote Cells Came into Life - Essay Example Prokaryotes had been first found around 3.5 billion years, which is just a billion years following the formation of the earth’s crust. Till today these life forms remain to be the most profuse ones, and since they have a very varied metabolism as compared to the eukaryotes, we can find a great many kinds of prokaryotic types. Since eukaryotic cells comprise of a huge majority of multi-cellular organisms and other complex cells, their origin has been considered a great highlight in the evolution of life. It is not really possible to determine when exactly these cells came into existence but according to Knoll (2006) it was around 1.6 – 2.1 billion years ago that eukaryotic cells took form. Certain acritarchs have been said to have originated 1650 million years ago and Grypania is an alga that was probably discovered to be approximately 2100 million years back. Besides this, it is the opinion of biomarkers that stem eukaryotes had come into being even before this and, as an example, steranes were found to be present in Australian shales almost 2.7 billion years ago. In 1966 the endosymbiosis theory was proposed by Lynn Margulis and he said that the prokaryotic cells and the initial eukaryotic cells lived together. At the beginning there was much hesitation in the acceptance of this theory. Eukaryote cells are more complicated and are set inside membranes while prokaryote cells do not have any membrane bound organelle. Another difference between these two cells is that eukaryotes have a cell nucleus while prokaryotes do not. This nucleus contains the DNA of the cell. Secondly, the size of eukaryotes is bigger as in the width and thus the volume is also more as compared to the prokaryotes. Chromosomes are present in eukaryotes which are actually where the DNA is. The movement of eukaryotes are controlled by motile cilia, also called flagella; and the flagella of eukaryotes are quite simple as compared to those in prokaryotes. Besides this, eukaryotes are like prokaryotes in respect to the plasma membrane and its function, but there is slight difference in the setup. Symbiosis as a mutually beneficial relationship happens when there are two species living together or closely for very long durations. This association is actually known as symbiotic, the word meaning to live together. Now there are different kinds of such a relationship and one is mutualism in which both the species get something out of the relationship. A very common example is that between plants and fungi. MAIN BODY Eukaryotes have been explained through various ways. An attempt has been made to explain the origin of these cells through the endosymbiotic theory as well, which was first proposed in 1905. This theory is basically concerned with the mitochondria, plastids and similar other organelles of the eukaryotes. This theory proposes that there were some specific kinds of organelles which actually came into being as free living bacteria. These were then taken within another cell as endosymbionts. Thus took place the development of cells and proteobacteria resulted in mitochondria while cyanobacteria lead to chloroplasts. In 1966 this theory was again proposed by Lynn Margulis and he said that the prokaryotic cells and the initial eukaryotic cells lived together. At the beginning there was much hesitation in the acceptance of this theory. Eukaryotes have double membranes around them. Within these membrane-bound compartments take place certain metabolic activities. As

Prohibition Essay example -- essays research papers

Prohibition, A Complete Failure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prohibition had become an issue long before its eventual induction as the 18th amendment in 1920. Organizations came about for the sole purpose of an alcohol free America. In 1833, an estimated one million Americans belonged to some type of temperance association (Behr 12). Many believed the absence of alcohol would help the poor as well as big business. Lower class people would put more money into savings accounts and productivity would increase among workers (Hanson 27). More importantly the â€Å"noble experiment†Ã¢â‚¬â€was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, and improve the health and hygiene in America† (Thorton 1). Although gangsters of the 1920’s were notorious for their violent turf wars,â€Å"the fundamental problem with prohibition was that an increasing percentage of American citizens refused to uphold the law† (Hanson 40). Not only did crime increase, ironically, prohibition turned ordinary citizens into lawbreakers. â€Å"In San Francisco, a jury trying a prohibition case was found drinking up the liquor that had been used in court as evidence† (Edey 154). In Texas, shortly after the start of prohibition,† a still turning out 130 gallons of whiskey a day was found operating on the farm of Senator Morris Shepard, author of the 18th Amendment†(Edey 154). â€Å"Americans bought machines for distilling liquor, called stills, at the hardware store.† (Hanson 28). Even if they did not know how to use them they easily get the information from the public library (Hanson28). Everything you could imagine was put into use to make liquor, even bathtubs (Hanson 28). â€Å"In fact, bathtub gin became a common term to describe during the decade† (Hanson28). â€Å"Doctors and druggists were legally allowed to dispense alcohol as medicine† (Hanson 34). â€Å"An average of 10 million prescriptions were issued each year during the thirteen years prohibition was in effect† (Hanson 34). In summary, ordinary citizens were consuming alcohol, an illegal act. They were making alcoholic beverages. They were getting doctors to prescribe alcohol for them under questionable circumstances making the medical profession their accomplice. Somebody had to satisfy the need for alcohol to an eager nation. This is where the rise in organized crime came in. â€Å"For the first time the United States experienced a massive ... ...e or prohibition agents zeroed-in on breweries, Capone was forewarned and hastily converted the targeted facilities to production of near-beer (Heimel 38). As one example of the amount of money changing hands, consider George Remus. He was one of the most profitable, if not the most profitable, bootlegger of the 1920’s. Out of the estimated $40,000,000 a year that he made, half of it went for bribes and payoffs (Behr 104). Prohibition has been called the â€Å"noble experiment† that failed (Hanson 26, 27). One of the reasons behind its monumental failure is that it made criminals of ordinary citizens. Decent, hardworking people broke the law simply because they took a drink of alcohol. And what a drink they took, consumption went from .8 to 1.3 gallons per capita between 1919 and 1929 (Thornton 2). To support this heavy demand for booze criminal gangs became more organized and ruthless, protected by corrupt officials. Corruption dramatically increased in prohibition. And who were people that were corrupted? Ordinary citizens were corrupted, who before prohibition, were decent, law abiding individuals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Berlin Wall Essay

What Was the Berlin Wall? The Berlin Wall was both the physical division between West Berlin and East Germany from 1961 to 1989 and the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War. Dates: August 13, 1961 — November 9, 1989 Overview of the Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall was erected in the dead of night and for 28 years kept East Germans from fleeing to the West. Its destruction, which was nearly as instantaneous as its creation, was celebrated around the world. A Divided Berlin At the end of World War II, the Allied powers divided conquered Germany into four zones, each occupied by either the United States, Great Britain, France, or the Soviet Union (as agreed at the Potsdam Conference). The same was done with Germany’s capital city, Berlin. As the relationship between the Soviet Union and the other three Allied powers quickly disintegrated, the cooperative atmosphere of the occupation of Germany turned competitive and aggressive. Although an eventual reunification of Germany had been intended, the new relationship between the Allied powers turned Germany into West versus East, democracy versus Communism. In 1949, this new organization of Germany became official when the three zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain, and France combined to form West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany). The zone occupied by the Soviet Union quickly followed by forming East Germany (the German Democratic Republic). This same division into West and East occurred in Berlin. Since the city of Berlin had been situated entirely within the Soviet zone of occupation, West Berlin became an island of democracy within Communist East Germany. Mass Emigration Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different. With the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society and experienced such a rapid growth of their economy that it became known as the â€Å"economic miracle.† With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well, buy gadgets and appliances, and to travel as they  wished. Nearly the opposite was true in East Germany. Since the Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war, the Soviets pilfered factory equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped them back to the Soviet Union. When East Germany became its own country, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union and thus a Communist society was established. In East Germany, the economy dragged and individual freedoms were severely restricted. By the late 1950s, many people living in East Germany wanted out. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions of East Germany, they would pack up their bags and head to West Berlin. Although some of them would be stopped on their way, hundreds of thousands of others made it across the border. Once across, these refugees were housed in warehouses and then flown to West Germany. Many of those who escaped were young, trained professionals. By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both its labor force and its population. Having already lost 2.5 million people by 1961, East Germany desperately needed to stop this mass exodus. The obvious leak was the easy access East Germans had to West Berlin. With the support of the Soviet Union, there had been several attempts to simply take over West Berlin in order to eliminate this exit point. Although the Soviet Union even threatened the United States with the use of nuclear weapons over this issue, the United States and other Western countries were committed to defending West Berlin. Desp erate to keep its citizens, East Germany decided to build a wall to prevent them from crossing the border. The Berlin Wall Goes Up There had been rumors that something might happen to tighten the border of East and West Berlin, but no one was expecting the speed nor the absoluteness of the Wall. Just past midnight on the night of August 12-13, 1961, trucks with soldiers and construction workers rumbled through East Berlin. While most Berliners were sleeping, these crews began tearing up streets that entered into West Berlin, dug holes to put up concrete posts, and strung barbed wire all across the border between East and West Berlin. Telephone wires between East and West Berlin were also cut. Berliners were shocked when they woke up that morning. What had once been a very fluid border was now rigid. No longer could East Berliners cross the border for  operas, plays, soccer games, etc. No longer could the approximately 60,000 commuters head to West Berlin for well-paying jobs. No longer could families, friends, and lovers cross the border to meet their loved ones. Whichever side of the border one went to sleep on during the night of August 12, they were stuck on that side for decades. The Size and Scope of the Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall stretched over a hundred miles. It ran not only through the center of Berlin, but also wrapped around West Berlin, entirely cutting West Berlin off from the rest of East Germany. The wall itself went through four major transformations during its 28-year history. The Berlin Wall started out as a barbed-wire fence with concrete posts, but just a few days after the first fence was placed, it was quickly replaced with a sturdier, more permanent structure made out of concrete blocks, topped with barbed wire. The first two versions of the wall (barbed wire and concrete blocks) were replaced by the hird version of the Berlin Wall in 1965. This version consisted of a concrete wall, supported by steel girders. The fourth version of the Berlin Wall, constructed from 1975 to 1980, was the most complicated and thorough. It consisted of concrete slabs reaching nearly 12-feet high (3.6 m) and 4-feet wide (1.2 m), plus it had a smooth pipe running across the top to hinder people from scaling the Wall. And tentatively approached the border and indeed found that the border guards were letting people cross. Very quickly, the Berlin Wall was inundated with people from both sides. Some began chipping at the Berlin Wall with hammers and chisels. There was an impromptu huge celebration along the Berlin Wall, with people hugging, kissing, singing, cheering, and crying. The Berlin Wall was eventually chipped away, into smaller pieces (some the size of a coin and others in big slabs). The pieces have become collectibles and are stored in both homes and museums. After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.

The Digestive System The Food Processor Of The Body

Stephen Rocha, Blake Kaminski, Terrence Williams Mr. Cuneo Biology 29 April 2016 The Digestive System The Digestive system is the food processor of the body. When food is consumed the digestive system is the system to break our food down and spread all the nutrients needed through the body and get rid of the unneeded nutrients. The primary functions of the digestive system are ingestion, secretion, mixing, movement, digestion, absorption, and execration. Ingestion is the consumption of food through the mouth. Secretion is when the salivary glands start the digestion process by moistening the food. Mixing and movement go together as the food moves down the esophagus and mixes up as it goes down. After mixing and movement, comes digestion, which breaks down all the food puts it in the simplest forms it can be, into its building blocks, this mainly happens in the stomach. Then comes absorption, this mostly happens in the intestines and this is when the body absorbs all the needed nutrients and actually most happens in the small intestines. Lastly is ex ecration which is when all the unneeded nutrients is let go. Most of the digestive system is in the lower abdominal part of your body. It starts at the mouth down the esophagus and the ending with the anus. The digestive system is essential to the survival of the human person because without it you could not break down food and get the nutrients needed for survival and couldn’t get rid of unneeded nutrients and waste inShow MoreRelatedGood Digestion Is The Foundation Of Good Health906 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretically eat a perfect diet and take a multivitamin, but if these nutrients aren’t optimally absorbed all that’s left is wasted time. 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